Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Cervical cancer is a serious health problem, affecting millions of women worldwide and claiming many lives every year. In India, it is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Despite its seriousness, cervical cancer is often preventable and treatable if detected early. However, due to a lack of awareness and regular screening, many women succumb to this silent disease.

This blog is a must-read for anyone who values their health or the well-being of the women in their lives. It provides information about cervical cancer, what it is and who is at risk, its causes, symptoms, and available treatments. Dr. Bindu Garg is a renowned fertility expert who shares her invaluable insights to make this complex subject accessible to all.

By reading this blog, you will learn about the importance of early detection, the role of HPV vaccination in prevention, and how lifestyle choices can reduce your risk. Whether you want clarity about symptoms, prevention strategies, or treatment options, this blog equips you with the knowledge to take proactive steps to protect your reproductive health. Empower yourself with this important information, because awareness can save lives.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It occurs when abnormal changes occur in the cells of the cervix and they multiply uncontrollably to form tumors. Often, this cancer takes years to develop, progressing from precancerous changes to more serious stages.

Medical advancements such as the Pap smear allow cervical cancer to be detected early, giving patients a better chance of successful treatment.

Key Facts About Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide.
It develops over several years, and is often not detected until an advanced stage.
Early detection through Pap tests has greatly improved outcomes.

Who Gets Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer mainly affects women, but certain factors put some individuals at greater risk than others. This type of cancer develops in the cervix which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina and is most often caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Here's a closer look at who's more likely to develop cervical cancer:

Women with HPV Infection: Persistent HPV infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer.
Sexual Activity: People who engage in early sexual activity or who have more than one sexual partner are at higher risk due to their increased exposure to HPV.
Weakened Immune System: Women with weakened immunity, such as those with HIV or undergoing immune suppressive therapy, are more susceptible.
Smoking: Tobacco weakens the immune system and makes it harder for the body to fight HPV infection.
Family History: Having a family history of cervical cancer may increase the risk.
Lack of Screening: Women who do not have regular Pap smear tests are less likely to detect precancerous changes early.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. This virus disrupts the normal functioning of cervical cells, leading to abnormal growth. Not all HPV infections cause cervical cancer, but high-risk strains such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are often responsible.

The major causes and risk factors for cervical cancer are:

HPV Infection: The most important reason is that almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to this virus.
Weakened Immune System: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatment reduce the body's ability to fight infections, including HPV.
Smoking: The chemicals in cigarettes can damage cervical cells and weaken immunity, increasing the risk of cancer.
Early Sexual Activity: Engaging in sexual activity at a young age increases the risk of HPV infection.
Multiple Sexual Partners: The risk of HPV infection increases.
Long-Term Use of Birth Control Pills: Excessive use slightly increases the risk of cervical cancer.
Family History: Genetic predisposition may increase the risk.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a silent health problem, often with no symptoms in its early stages. So regular screening, such as a Pap smear, is important for early detection. As the disease progresses, symptoms of cervical cancer begin to appear. Recognizing these symptoms early can greatly improve outcomes.

Common symptoms of cervical cancer:

Unusual vaginal bleeding: This can happen after intercourse, in between menstrual periods, or after menopause.
Abnormal vaginal discharge: Watery, bloody, or smelly discharge can be a warning sign.
Pelvic pain: Persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis is a possible symptom.
Pain during intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity should not be ignored.
Increased urinary frequency or pain while urinating: This may be a sign of advanced-stage cervical cancer.

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult your doctor immediately.

Types of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, begin to grow uncontrollably. It is important to understand the types of cervical cancer for accurate diagnosis and treatment. There are two main types:

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

This is the most common type of cervical cancer, accounting for approximately 70–80% of cases.
It originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells located on the outside of the cervix.
It is often associated with persistent HPV infection, and develops slowly over time.

2. Adenocarcinoma:

Less common, but still important, adenocarcinoma begins in the glandular cells of the cervical canal.
These cells produce mucus and other fluids, and cancer in this area can be difficult to detect.

Mixed Carcinoma:

In rare cases, a combination of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, known as mixed carcinoma, may develop.

Early detection through regular Pap smears and HPV tests is essential to identify the type of cervical cancer and begin timely treatment. Understanding these types helps healthcare providers intervene effectively, improving survival rates and quality of life for patients.

Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer develops primarily due to persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). However, several other factors can increase the risk. Understanding these risk factors can help in taking preventive measures.

HPV Infection: The most common cause of cervical cancer, HPV is a sexually transmitted virus. Certain types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for the majority of cases.
Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off HPV infection. It also exposes cervical cells to harmful chemicals.
Multiple Sexual Partners: Having multiple sexual partners increases your risk of getting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Weakened Immune System: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS or long-term immune suppressive therapy may increase susceptibility.
Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use (more than five years) may slightly increase the risk.
Multiple Pregnancies: Women who have had more than one full-term pregnancy may face a higher risk.
Family History: A history of cervical cancer in close relatives may indicate a genetic predisposition.

How Can We Prevent Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is preventable through lifestyle modifications, early detection, and vaccination. Here are some effective strategies to reduce the risk:

HPV Vaccination: The most effective prevention method is to get vaccinated against HPV (human papillomavirus). Vaccines such as Gardasil and Cervarix protect against high-risk strains of HPV that can cause cervical cancer.
Regular Screening: Regular Pap smears and HPV tests help detect abnormal cells in the cervix before they turn into cancer. Women should begin screening at age 21 and continue every 3 years or as recommended by their doctor.
Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection, which is the leading cause of cervical cancer.
Quit Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, including HPV. Avoiding smoking greatly reduces the risk of cervical cancer.
Healthy Lifestyle: A strong immune system helps the body fight off infections. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep improves overall health and reduces the risk of cancer.

How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

Cervical cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of screening tests and investigations. Early detection is a very successful treatment and prevents the progression of the disease. It is diagnosed as follows:

Pap Smear (Pap Test): The most common method of detecting cervical cancer. A sample of cells is taken from the cervix and examined for any abnormal changes that may indicate cancer or a precancerous condition.
HPV Test: This is a test that checks for the presence of high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which cause cervical cancer. It is often done along with a Pap smear.
Colposcopy: If abnormal cells are found in the Pap smear, a colposcopy is performed. This procedure uses a magnifying instrument called a colposcope to closely examine the cervix for abnormal tissue.
Biopsy: In case of suspicious findings, a biopsy may be performed during colposcopy. A small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm whether cancer cells are present.
Imaging Tests: If cervical cancer is suspected, imaging tests such as a CT scan or MRI may be used to assess the extent of the disease and check whether it has spread to nearby tissues.

How is Cervical Cancer Treated?

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on its stage, the size of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. Early detection can greatly increase the chances of successful treatment. Here's how cervical cancer is usually treated:

Surgery: For early-stage cervical cancer, surgery is often considered the best treatment. This may include a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) or conization (removal of cancerous tissue).
Radiation Therapy: If the cancer has spread beyond the cervix, radiation therapy may be used. This can be external or internal (brachytherapy), where radiation is delivered directly to the tumor site.
Chemotherapy: For advanced cervical cancer, chemotherapy may be combined with radiation. This helps kill cancer cells and reduce the size of the tumor.
Targeted Therapy: In some cases, targeted therapy is used to attack specific cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
Immunotherapy: This new treatment boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer.

What’s Next After Cervical Cancer Treatment?

After cervical cancer treatment is complete, the journey does not end with the last session of chemotherapy or surgery. The recovery phase is very important to ensure long-term health and reduce the chances of recurrence of the disease. Here is everything you need to know about life after cervical cancer treatment:

1. Regular Follow-Up Appointments:

After treatment, regular check-ups are necessary. These appointments may include Pap smears, HPV tests, and physical exams to monitor for any signs of recurrence or complications. Regular follow-ups help catch any abnormal cell changes early, increasing the chances of successful treatment.

2. Lifestyle Adjustments:

A healthy lifestyle can help with recovery and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Eating a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking, and being physically active are all beneficial to your overall health.

3. Psychological Support:

Cancer treatment can be emotionally draining. It's important to seek support from loved ones or a counsellor to help manage stress, anxiety, or depression.

4. Fertility Considerations:

If treatment has affected fertility, consult a fertility specialist to consider options such as IVF or egg freezing.

FAQs About Cervical Cancer

Q1. What are the early signs of cervical cancer?

Early cervical cancer usually has no symptoms. However, abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge and pelvic pain are warning signs in the later stages.

Q2. What causes cervical cancer?

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is the leading cause of cervical cancer.

Q3. How can we prevent cervical cancer?

HPV vaccination, regular Pap tests, safe sex practices, and not smoking can reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

Q4. Are there vaccines for cervical cancer?

Yes, HPV vaccines such as Gardasil and Cervarix protect against the types of the virus that cause most cases of cervical cancer.

Q5. How often should I get a Pap smear?

Women should begin testing at age 21 and continue testing every three years or as advised by their doctor.

Q6. Is cervical cancer curable?

Yes, if detected early, cervical cancer can be successfully treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer remains a health concern, but it is treatable with early detection and preventive measures. As Dr. Bindu Garg emphasised, understanding the causes of cervical cancer, recognising its symptoms, and taking steps to prevent it through regular screenings and vaccinations can save lives. HPV vaccination, regular Pap smear tests, and a healthy lifestyle are important to reduce the risk of this cancer.

By staying informed and proactive, women can protect their reproductive health and reduce their chances of developing cervical cancer. Awareness, timely diagnosis, and treatment are key in the fight against this preventable disease.